Home Equity Loan and HELOC Requirements

Homeowners who have been thinking about borrowing against the equity in their homes can use a home equity loan or home equity line of credit (HELOC) to do so.

With a home equity loan, borrowers receive a lump sum loan amount that they repay over a predetermined term length.

With a HELOC, borrowers have the option of taking a lump-sum payment or using a line of credit up to a specified dollar amount as needed. They usually have shorter terms as well as adjustable interest rates.

How Do the Requirements Vary by Product?

For the most part, the requirements for a home equity loan and HELOC are pretty similar for each lender. In both cases, the lender evaluates the risk associated with giving the borrower a maximum dollar amount against the equity in a collateral property.

Income & Credit Score

First, borrowers need to have a stable monthly income and a good credit history. The minimum credit score requirement varies lender to lender, but a higher credit score improves the probability of approval.

Here are the credit score requirements for highly-rated home equity lenders:

Amount of Equity

Second, borrowers must have at least 10 percent to 20 percent equity in the property. That means the loan-to-value ratio without the home equity loan or HELOC needs to be below 90 percent. A lower loan-to-value ratio increases the borrower’s probability of approval. The loan-to-value ratio also determines the maximum amount of the loan or line of credit that the lender will extend to the borrower.

You can calculate your current LTV and how much you’re eligible to borrow with our home equity loan calculator.

Here are the loan-to-value requirements for highly-rated home equity lenders:

Debt-to-Income Ratio

Third, lenders consider the borrower’s debt-to-income ratio. This is the ratio of all monthly debt obligations, including the payment on the new home equity loan or HELOC, divided by the borrower’s gross monthly income. A higher debt-to-income ratio increases the borrower’s probability of default, so lenders prefer to see low overall debt levels.

This is where the requirements may vary a little for the home equity loan and line of credit. Lenders do not want the debt-to-income ratio to exceed 43 percent. Some lenders may allow a maximum debt-to-income ratio of up to 50 percent for a HELOC. Again, the closer the borrower is to the maximum debt level, the lower the probability of approval.

How Do the Requirements Vary by Lender?

The underwriting process and requirements are different for every financial institution. This rule applies to all types of debt instruments a financial institution may offer. Each financial institution has its own level of risk tolerance, models for probability of default, and underwriting formula.

Searching for information online, borrowers can find that each lender provides its own guidelines about credit scores and maximum loan amounts. Some financial institutions have a higher tolerance for risk and thus may approve a borrower who could not get approved at a bank across the street.

There are, however, some general rules of thumb about underwriting requirements and financial institutions. Credit unions tend to have more flexibility in their guidelines than other banks. They generally don’t provide high-risk financial services to businesses and can accept a higher level of risk from credit union members.

Branch banks tend to be relatively strict about their guidelines and underwriting standards when compared to credit unions. The difference between traditional banks and online lenders, however, is not as clear.

Some online lenders are known to provide very low lending rates, but those lenders typically have high standards for loan approval. Their guidelines may be much higher than those of a traditional bank.

Other online lenders have lower lending standards than traditional banks and credit unions. These lenders typically cater to borrowers with lower credit scores and charge higher interest rates.

Still other lenders offer interest-only HELOCs, which can lower your payments during the draw term, but it will lead to higher payments over the long haul.

Are There Any Federal or State Lending Requirements?

There are a few federal and state regulations regarding home equity loans and HELOCs. The federal government sets a maximum legal interest rate for a HELOC to no more than 10 percent above the U.S. Treasury rate set for second liens.

Read More: Should You Use a HELOC to Pay Off Student Loans?

States may have individual laws limiting how much lenders can charge for origination fees and other closing costs. Federal regulations also set the 43 percent maximum debt-to-income ratio on home equity loans.

Finally, a change to federal tax law limited the tax deductibility of mortgage interest on home equity loans and HELOCs. Borrowers can only deduct the interest paid on either loan option if they use the proceeds for a major home improvement.

Read More: Can You Take Out a Home Equity Loan on a Paid-Off House?

Home Equity Lender Requirements