Federal Direct Stafford Loans

Stafford Loans, now known as Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans, are federal student loans available to undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at least half-time. They can offer students a more affordable way to fund their education. 

Stafford Loans don’t require a credit check or income verification, allowing many students to be eligible for funding for their higher education. 

Subsidized Stafford Loans vs. Unsubsidized Stafford Loans

Many students and their families are often confused by the two types of federal Direct Loans. 

We’re breaking down the difference between Subsidized and Unsubsidized Stafford Loans.

With Direct Subsidized Loans, the federal government pays the interest while you’re in school or deferment, but the interest on Direct Unsubsidized Loans accrues once funds are disbursed, even while you’re in school.

Feature	Direct Sub.	Direct Unsub.
Eligibility	Undergrads w/ financial need	Undergrad & grad students
Gov’t. pays interest?	✅ (in school and deferment only)	❌
Repayment begins	6 mos. after graduation or less than half-time enrollment	6 mos. after graduation or less than half-time enrollment

How much can you borrow with a Direct Stafford Loan?

Annual and aggregate borrowing limits apply to Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans. The tables below show the maximum you can take out based on your dependency status (dependent or independent) and year of attendance, including the amount that may be Subsidized. 

Year	Annual max for dependent students
1st	$5,500 ($3,500 Subsidized)
2nd	$6,500 ($4,500 Subsidized)
3rd+	$7,500 ($5,500 Subsidized)
Grad/prof.	N/A
Aggregate	$31,000 ($23,000 Subsidized)

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Year	Annual max for independent students*
1st	$9,500 ($3,500 Subsidized)
2nd	$10,500 ($4,500 Subsidized)
3rd+	$12,500 ($5,500 Subsidized)
Grad/prof.	$20,500 ($0 Subsidized)
Aggregate	$57,500 undergrad ($23,000 Subsidized); $138,500 grad/prof. ($65,500 Subsidized)

Already hit federal limits? Check out our list of the best private student loans to cover other school expenses.

What are the rates and fees on Stafford Loans?

Unlike private student loans, Stafford Loan rates are fixed and don’t change for the life of the loan. The government sets these rates, and they don’t influence your credit and income.

Because the interest rate on a private student loan generally depends on your credit history and income, the fixed or variable rates may range from 4.00% to 17.00% (ranges in May 2024) or higher. Even if a private lender advertises rates lower than or comparable to those of Stafford Loans, they’re often only available to borrowers with excellent credit scores and high incomes. 

Some private lenders also charge higher origination fees than federal loans. The lender adds these fees to your loan, increasing the amount you’ll have to pay back.

Below are the interest rates and fees you can expect from federal and private student loans.

Loan type	Interest rate	Origination fee
Stafford Loan	5.50% (undergrad) 7.05% (grad/prof.)	1.057%
Private loan	4.00% – 17.00%+	Varies*

Overall cost of a Stafford Loan for an undergraduate

Based on rates in May 2024, an undergrad’s $10,000 federal student loan balance over a 10-year term will have a monthly payment of $109. In total, the loan could cost $13,023.

Overall cost of a private student loan:

Based on a fixed 9.00% interest rate, a $10,000 private student loan balance over a 10-year term will have a monthly payment of $127. In total, the loan could cost $15,201.

Source: Student Loan Payment Calculator

Understanding the interest rates and fees associated with federal and private student loans—and how they affect the overall cost of your loan—can help you make more well-informed decisions.

Applying for loans with lower or fixed interest rates and fees can save you thousands of dollars in the long run. Plus, fixed rates are easier to work around your budget and future financial planning. 

What are the repayment options for a Stafford Loan?

Federal student loans, including Stafford Loans, offer various repayment plans to accommodate your financial situation. 

Repayment	Terms	Eligibility
Standard	10 yrs. Fixed payments	All fed. borrowers
Extended	Up to 25 yrs. Fixed or graduated payments	30,000+ in Direct Loans
Graduated	Payments rise every 2 yrs. 10 yr. term	All fed. borrowers
IDR	Based on income & family size (20 – 25 yrs.)	All fed. borrowers
PSLF	10 years (120 pmts.), income-based Balance forgiven after	Qualifying public service employees
Deferment or forbearance	Term length varies, payments paused	Financial hardship, unemployment, etc.

The four types of IDR plans are: 

1. Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE)
2. Pay As You Earn (PAYE) 
3. Income-Based Repayment (IBR)
4. Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) 

These options are one of the major advantages federal loans can provide.

Take a look at how much the SAVE Plan could save a low-income borrower on a $32,000 student loan compared with the savings on other IDR plans:

These repayment plans could offer a life-changing solution for borrowers who are under financial strain or looking for a clearer path forward in their careers.

How to apply for a federal Direct Stafford Loan

Students who’d like to apply for a Stafford Loan must complete a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Applying involves several important steps to ensure you receive the financial aid you need.

1. Set up a Federal Student Aid account online

To set up an account, you must provide personal information, such as your name, date of birth, and Social Security number. The entire process may take five to 10 minutes.

2. Complete the FAFSA

You have until June 30 to fill out and submit the FAFSA. But before you do, check your school’s and state’s unique deadlines. 

You’ll need to provide detailed information, so completing the FAFSA the first time can take up to an hour. You must renew your FAFSA application every year for additional financial aid in the following school years.

As you fill out the FAFSA, you must choose at least one school to determine the types of student aid it will offer—and how much—but you can select up to 20 schools. 

3. Review your FAFSA Submission Summary

Your FAFSA will be processed in a few days—up to a week if you submit it by mail. Once it’s processed, you’ll receive the FAFSA Submission Summary, which you must review. Be sure to correct any errors. This may take 10 to 15 minutes to review and revise.

The summary will list the financial aid you may be eligible for, information about the schools you selected when you completed the FAFSA, and the next steps.

4. Review your federal financial aid offers

The schools you selected will send you an offer of financial aid, often in the spring. The offer will include the cost to attend, the types of aid the school is offering—including Direct Stafford Loans you’re eligible for—and the deadline to accept. 

The time it takes you to review your offers will depend on the number of schools you selected in your FAFSA and the types of financial aid you’re offered. Expect to spend at least five minutes reviewing the details of each school’s offer.

5. Accept your offer

Once you’ve decided where you’d like to enroll, you’ll follow the instructions to notify the school and accept any or all of the financial aid offers that work best for you. 

If you’re offered different types of financial aid, we recommend accepting them in this order:

1. Grants and scholarships
2. Work-study program (if needed)
3. Loans (if needed) in the following order: Subsidized, Unsubsidized, and PLUS

After accepting your loan offer, you’ll complete entrance counseling to demonstrate that you understand your loan terms, rights, and responsibilities. 

The time it may take to get the funds can vary depending on the program, but they’re generally available or disbursed by the beginning of the fall semester. You can contact your financial aid office to find out more details.

Is a Stafford Loan right for you?

Stafford Loans’ fixed interest rates, flexible repayment options, and borrower protections, including potential loan forgiveness, place them among your best options for funding your education through a loan.

So it’s best to exhaust your options for Stafford Loans first before considering other loans, including PLUS Loans and private student loans.

Start by planning ahead. If you can, make it a point to go to school with no debt or as little as possible. Before applying for a Stafford Loan, explore all your alternatives—starting with ones that don’t involve borrowing at all.

1. Scholarships and grants

Federal Pell Grants, state grants, and scholarships are essentially free money you don’t need to repay. You can check with your high school’s guidance counseling office, your college’s financial aid office, and local municipal and community organizations to find scholarships and grants you might qualify for. 

2. Work-study

This federally funded program offers part-time work, such as on-campus jobs, to students with financial need. You can check with your college or university’s financial aid office to find out whether your school participates in the federal work-study program.

3. Employer tuition assistance

Many corporate companies are allowed up to $5,250 tax-free to help an employee pay for their tuition costs. Check with your employer’s human resources department and ask whether tuition assistance is available.

4. Savings

You can set aside funds every month in your personal savings account to help reduce the amount you may need to borrow. Another option is to ask family and friends to contribute to your savings instead of the birthday gift they planned to spend it on.

5. Federal student loans

As we’ve mentioned, the government pays the interest on Subsidized Loans while you’re in school or deferred, but it won’t pay the interest that accrues on Unsubsidized Loans—which begins as soon as the loan is disbursed. 

If you decide to apply for federal student loans, you should accept any Direct Subsidized Loans offered first, then Direct Unsubsidized Loans second, and PLUS Loans last.

6. Private student loans

These are loans from private lenders instead of the federal government. You should explore the best private student loans to cover the rest of your education costs after exhausting the previous options, including federal loans.

Funding option	Details
Scholarships and grants	Free money you don’t need to repay
Work-study	Part-time employment opportunities for students with financial need
Employer tuition assistance	Option for employees at corporations that help pay tuition
Savings and contributions	Personal savings or family contributions
Direct Subsidized Loans	Federal loans with government-paid interest during school and deferment
Direct Unsubsidized Loans	Federal loans with interest accruing from disbursement
Federal PLUS Loans	Federal loans for parents or graduate students with higher interest rates
Private student loans	Loans from private lenders with fixed or variable interest rates and fewer protections